Origin Of The Term Identity Politics Cultural Studies Essay

Origin Of The Term Identity Politics Cultural Studies Essay A Contested Term. The origin of the term identity politics is sometimes traced to the 1960s Civil Rights Movement but it was articulated by women of colour in their 1977 Combahee River Collective Statement. The term refers to collective group identities like race, ethnicity, sex, religion, caste, sexual orientation, physical disability as the basis for political analysis and action. Its main objective is to empower individuals to articulate their discrimination and invisibility through consciousness raising and action. Identities and Movements It is important to debate this term and its politics as it has been the basis for several movements as well as an ideological challenge to existing analytical frameworks and explanations. In the 1980s, there was a cultural and religious revivalism in the form of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, Hindu communalism in India and global Islamist fundamentalism. In the 1990s, there was the violence and tragedy of former Yugoslavia, movements based on tribal identities in Rwanda and Sudan. Many countries especially in the European Union saw right wing movements in the context of immigration and nationalism with debates on Britishness or the banning of headscarves in France. Currently, scholars have seen its re-appearance in the Presidential contest between Obama and Hillary Clinton in the USA i.e. pitching their campaigns around the first woman president or the first black president. Making of an Identity Some identities come with birth like the black, caste or religious ones. Or they can be acquired like national ones, sexual preferences or interest groups. Identities are fluid, multiple and unstable. They may be blurred or erased over a period of time. That they may be created as the identity of being Indian was propagated after Independence from British colonialism. Multiple identities mean that they are competing with each other often resulting in conflicting loyalties like a woman may during a communal riot have to choose between her religious group identity and that of her gender. Often there is strong societal resistance to crossing identity boundaries like in the case of sexual identities. Social norms and institutions do not allow people to step out of their prescribed identity. Causes for Identity Mobilisations Why have identity movements emerged during this conjuncture of history? Theoretical explanations bring together the cultural, political and economic. The global flight of capital has spread industrialisation all over the world. World wide trade and communication has created a homogenization of culture and politics. Young people in most parts of the world are familiar with the Coke and Jean culture, American films and TV serials. However the impact of the economic process has been uneven. There is a polarisation between the rich and the poor in a country and between nations of the North and the South. Gender relations are also changing as more women are joining the workforce often when men are unemployed creating resentment and competition. Women are more mobile and visible. And the patriarchal family structure is weakening. Bitter Sweet There is a section of people who are benefiting from the globalised world market. But the aspirations and hopes of many are belied. Descending social and economic groups resent their loss of privileges. So there is a public outburst in UK that Indian doctors are taking over the British medical system or that outsiders are taking over jobs which should rightfully belong to Marathi speaking people in Mumbai. The onslaught of Westernisation and its values due to globalisation has created a reaction of orthodoxy. Right wing Muslim, Hindu and Christian groups have called for cultural re-assertion and pride in ones identity. Parallel to the sweeping cultural, political and economic changes and identity based movements was the rise of post modernism in academia. As a critique of Marxist dominance in theory, post modernists gave culture a significant place in analysis and shifted the focus to power relations, identities, construction of gender, class, race etc. The Rise of Identity Movements [ Used in Womens Movement] Identities are powerful sources of consciousness and mobilization as they make an individual conscious of his/her identity and bring them together for political protest and demands through violent or other means. At present there are large mobilisations based on identities like: World wide Islamist Movements Hindu right wing movements Regional self determination movements like Tamil homeland in Sri Lanka, Kashmir and North East in India, Kurds in Turkey Sexual preferences like the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered [LGBT] movement Trade Union Movements There is a tendency to see id based movements as regressive because they are usually associated with right wing movements. But the sexuality movements have challenged conservative notions of sex and sexual activities. 6. The Other Exclusion and Inclusion are critical criteria for identity formation. The we of a certain group can only be identified versus they of the other group. The process of defining and controlling these boundaries of difference has been coined as Other-ing. This process of creating sameness and otherness amongst people, has been used to justify all manners of oppression and violence against marginalized, weaker, less powerful groups. Across history these have included Women, Blacks, Jews, Homosexuals, Dalits, Tribals, lower classes, People with Disabilities etc. The Ideal Woman Identity Movements, which are right wing, have given a special place to women. For example, both Muslim fundamentalism and Hindu communalism project an ideal woman as indispensible for society. These ideals are related to womens dress, behaviour, sexual activity and motherhood. Nazi Germany glorified the blond Aryan woman, who bears children, accepts secondary status to her husband and the State. Muslim fundamentalism advocates a return to tradition as Islam is in danger, reinforces Muslim identity by rejecting Westernisation and especially by propagating the veil for women, role of a homemaker, and the return to or imposition of the Sharia Laws or Muslim Personal Laws. Roots of tradition are in the past and is not open to interpretation. Life and Laws flow from the holy book, and its meanings are fixed and non debatable. Women are regarded as guardians of Muslim culture and honoured as long as they perform their duties to be good mothers and raise their sons as warriors of Islam. 8. Sita not Draupadi Hindu communalists idealise Sita, the wife of the mythological god, Ram. The qualities of Sita are that of a chaste pati vrata or ideal wife who follows her husband to the forest, bears him sons and immolates herself when her fidelity is in suspicion. Draupadi on the other hand was an articulate, assertive and proud woman who has 5 husbands, who she continually challenges and even seeks revenge. Women have been part of the internalisation process since their childhood. They too believe in many of these values and strive to maintain the roles propagated by fundamentalists. And for doing so, they are honoured and given status by their men and fundamentalist leaders. Many educated, professional and Westernised women have turned to their religion because it also offers them mental and physical security. Crisis in Feminism The womens movement and feminist theory went into a crisis with the advent of post modernism and identity based movements. The former contested the category woman as also all universalisms. Women could not be considered a homogenous group and the using of we was politically incorrect. The slogans of women of colour were picked up by Jewish women, indigenous and later Third World women. Global sisterhood was laid to rest. These voices of other feminists introduced the notions of feminisms, rather than simply feminism. In addition, these feminisms brought in the notion of multiple oppressions, multiple patriarchies and womens movements. Feminist analysis shifted from standpoint feminism to various postmodernist feminisms. Studies on womens subordination across cultures, societies, and historical periods shifted to micro-narratives of class/race/and gender. 10. Crisis in Feminist Politics The clash of multiple identities and allegiances which surround them came out into the public. The womens movement in India and the feminist groups are not that large or popular to have reached the masses of women to shore up a gender based identity. In the absence of a popular secular movement, the majority of women align with their caste or religious identities. Large numbers of them participated during the Mumbai Riots of 1992-93 after the demolition of the Babri Masjid against Muslims and in support of the sati of Roop Kanwar [1987] against feminist groups and progressive movements asking for a ban. In the Shah Bano Case [1985], women supported a maintenance law formulated by the govt and Muslim leaders against their own interests. Sometimes women are pulled into battles not of their making as in the case of the Cauvery River riots. Both Tamil and Kannadiga women had no knowledge of river water issues but were subjected to rape and molestation by the rival community. Domestic violence becomes invisible in the face of other state wide violence like in Kashmir, North East and Sri Lanka. Women would like to address domestic violence but sacrifice their individual rights as women to community rights for self determination. 10. Strategies One of the main problems with identity politics is that its assumptions can lead to an almost infinite number of small, atomised identity groups. Taken forward this logic comes to mean that ultimately each individual is her own group. Identity politics makes it difficult to bring together large groups to protest and collectively act for radical social change. In an oblique way, it supports conservatism and status quo and works against collective struggle. On the other hand, identity politics has introduced important elements and lessons within the womens movement. It has changed its lexicon, challenged its assumptions and visibilised many sections of women and transgendered people. Sexual minorities, religious minorities, women with disabilities and race and caste based womens groups have come into their own with vibrant movements. The lessons for the womens movement in general is that it has to respect and build bridges with different identity groups, take on board their agendas and issues and together move towards transformative strategies for a just society.

The Prevalence of Teenage Suicides Nowadays

During the teen years, adolescents go through many different changes. These changes cause many teens to feel as though they are the only ones that have these feelings and that no one can help them. The teen that develops these types of mentality generally has little help from friends and family to overcome the feelings that could possibly lead to suicide. Suicide is when someone tries to kill himself or herself. Teen suicide is based on the same idea, but it is for people that are teenagers. About 5,000 teenagers kill themselves every year. That makes teen suicide the third leading cause of death for teenagers next to accidents and crime. The thought of killing oneself as a solution for problems at school is common for grade school and college kids. On the grade school side, 9% think of suicide, 2% seriously consider suicide, and 1-% attempts it. On the college side, the numbers multiply by five times. A whopping 43% think about it, 15% seriously consider it, and 5% attempt it (1). The actual number of suicides is higher than the estimated one because they are not classified as suicides. They are classified as accidents or victims of crime. A car that crashed into a tree could be called an accident, but if the car was working perfectly and the driver was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol it would be called a suicide. Young males are five times more likely to commit suicide than young females. Females are more unsuccessful when committing suicide because they are more apt to ingest drugs or cut their wrists. Doctors still have time to save them. On the other hand, boys more commonly hang themselves or jump off tall buildings. The use of firearms in teen suicides is about the same for both sexes. By the time that doctors get to them, they're dead. It has been found that there are more white teenagers than black teenagers who kill themselves; and that teenagers in the western area of the United States are more likely to be suicidal because more people own firearms in the West (2). Teens are in a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, and this can lead to confusion and anxiety at times. Teens with an adequate support network of friends, family, religious affiliation, peer groups, or extracurricular activities may have an outlet to deal with their everyday frustrations. Teens without an adequate support network, however, may feel disconnected and isolated from their family and peer group. It's these teens who are at increased risk for suicide if they are unable to deal with their problems. Sheslow further emphasizes the importance of a support network for teens who have suffered physical or sexual abuse and those who have very poor relationships with their parents. Doctors at the American Psychiatric Association (APA) say that teens considering suicide often face problems that are out of their control -divorce, alcoholism of a family member, or exposure to domestic violence, for example. A family history of depression or suicide is another significant risk factor. Since depressive illnesses may have a genetic component, some teens may be predisposed to suffer major depression. Feelings of helplessness and worthlessness may accompany the depression. Feelings of inadequacy and worthlessness are major risk factors for suicide. A teen, for example, who experiences repeated failures at school, who is overwhelmed by violence at home, who is isolated from peers, or who faces the social stigma of homosexuality alone is likely to experience such feelings. â€Å"If he sees himself as inadequate and worthless and he believes the future is unchangeable, these are clear warning signs of possible trouble,† says Dr. Sheslow (3). Sometimes teens will attempt to numb the pain of those feelings with alcohol or drugs. Substance abuse is a major risk factor for suicide, says the APA, along with the expression of violent feelings (4). There are about five signs for suicide. The first one is depression. They may be depressed about getting an â€Å"F† on their math test or have had a death in the family. The second sign is talking about suicide. They may say things like â€Å"I'm want to kill myself,† or â€Å"You won't have to worry about me much longer.† The third sign is giving some of their most prized possessions away or writing out their will. Some people give away their favorite clothes, stereo systems, or even their cars. The fourth sign is that they start taking extremely dangerous risks. They may go rowing without a life preserver, try to fix electrical appliances by themselves, stop wearing their seat belt, and go driving while they are drunk. The fifth sign for suicide is being unexplainable cheerful or happy. By this time they probably have made up their minds about suicide (5). Anyone can be a victim of teen suicide. It could be the all-star of the football team, the girl who has the cutest guy in school, or the hyper-accelerated really smart kid down the street. Everyone has stress and everyone has to deal with it, but not everyone deals with stress the same way. For example one-person may play a sport to release and relieve their tensions, but another may start being depressed and being self-destructive. As you may see there are many different things involved when talking to teens about suicide. Some of these things involved need to be looked are items such as social stature of the adolescent, if there is apparent substance abuse, and how the child is performing in school. If an adolescent ever contemplates suicide the parent or guardian should immediately seek help. Contrary to popular belief, people who talk about suicide are likely to follow through. Pay attention to phrases such as, â€Å"It's no use, I'd be better off dead.† Also be suspicious if a child who has been very depressed suddenly becomes cheerful or hopeful. This intense mood swing may indicate that he believes suicide will be a solution to all his problems.

Interview Summary †Tessy Hunt. This Interview Process

Interview Summary – Tessy Hunt This interview process really taught me how to listen to and accept the viewpoints of other people who are not necessarily from the same background that I am from. I spoke to one person that I have known for years, and another person who I never spoke with prior to the interview. My first contact was Ms. Tessy Hunt, a direct support counselor for individuals with special needs. The people who Tessy serve, face challenges that not everyone is equipped to support. I chose to interview Ms. Hunt because she provides actual services for a group of individuals who are not allowed the same opportunities and same rights that many of us take for granted. I have known Tessy for several years, and I know that her line†¦show more content†¦She believes mentally challenged people may be some of the most fragile and vulnerable people that our country supports – and thankfully our country still does support them. One important question I asked was, â€Å"What are examples of ways t hat mentally challenged people are excluded or rejected in society?† Tessy explained that people always find a way to make themselves feel bigger and mightier, even if that means belittling someone else. She said that when she is on outings with her consumers, people often stare, give them dirty looks, â€Å"baby-talk† to the consumer, or completely avoid eye contact with them. Tessy also shared with me, an Iowa news story about how a mentally challenged man who lived alone in his own home, was terrorized by teenage boys in the mid-2000s. The teenagers tied this man to a chair, urinated and defecated on him, and then proceeded to burn the man’s Bible, and mow his carpet with a lawnmower. That story really and truly irritated me down to my very core. I always hear about how Iowan’s are raised to be â€Å"Iowa nice† and that we are always offering a helping hand to those in need. Obviously, from the sound of that local story, hate is everywhere â€⠀œ even in Iowa. Through this interview, I learned that even if someone is supported financially by government entities, and supported physically and emotionally by professionals, they still might

The Role Of Media And Its Impact On Society Essay

From the start of the United States of America, politics has always been heavily influenced by journalism and the press. These two factors continue to grow with times and evolve with different and new political ideologies. Today, modern media has a large effect on government and the outward appearance a country gives to others through its leaders and public decisions. Mass media, or the technology that is intended to reach a mass audience, serves as a primary source of communication between a countries’ government officials and its people (STUDY). The role of media, the bias it brings, and its use with politicians’ themselves all are key in fully understanding how politics work. These characteristics are found especially in, but not limited to, the election of 2016. Media is defined as â€Å"an intervening agency, means, or instrument† (DICTIONARY). Within the United States Constitution, the first amendment speaks about a few different topics, including the freedom of speech and freedom of press. â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (CONSTITUTION). Freedom of speech is the liberty to speak openly without government restraint, and freedom of the press protects the rights of those who obtain and publish information or opinions without the fear ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Family Socialization And The Impact Of Media, Religion, And Society900 Words   |  4 Pageshe uses to define the way individuals learn desire and sexuality. In this section the reader learns about the role of family socializa tion, and the impact of media, religion, and society. 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The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay - 1731 Words

The Great Gatsby is a novel that illustrates the society in the 1920s and the associated beliefs, values and dreams of the American population at that time. These beliefs, values and dreams can be summed up be what is termed the American Dream, a dream of money, wealth, prosperity and the happiness that supposedly came with the booming economy and get-rich-quick schemes that formed the essential underworld of American upper-class society. This underworld infiltrated the upper echelons and created such a moral decay within general society that paved the way for the ruining of dreams and dashing of hopes as they were placed confidently in the chance for opportunities that could be seized by one and all. Scott Fitzgerald illustrates the†¦show more content†¦The transformation between James Gatz and Jay Gatsby is an example of how people can transform themselves according to their ambition for wealth and prosperity. The use of illegal activities to gain Gatsbys wealth is alluded to in the book, this shows the extent of how the American Dream circumvented the moral revulsion and pushed people who were crazy about money into crime - driving the moral standing of wealthier citizens into the ground. To Gatsby, his dream was symbolised by Daisy, Gatsby even says that her voice sounds like money, a direct correlation between Daisy and the wealth and happiness that Gatsby would supposedly enjoy if only he could have married Daisy but could still enjoy if he had married her five years later. His pursuit of happiness with Daisy was the ultimate cause of the degradation of Gatsbys morals and realistic dreams. This is because he held an unrealistic view of life and how he could recreate the past. 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Project Management Student Free Essays

string(262) " as the line of command is very short from the top, senator, commissioner to bottom lower management this could be of advantage as there is rapid communication hence close interactions and therefore easy delivery of organisational / municipality goals strategy\." Table of contents Contents page number Executive summary Introduction Problem identification Case analysis Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Conclusion and Recommendations Bibliography EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Polk County is a scarcely populated County in the state. The roads are in a very poor condition and the Transportation Department supervisor, JR has been tasked to manage all the three projects: * The entrance to the Big John’s superstore ELK Mountain road * Bridge on County road 1045 The writer will analyse the case, evaluate the alternatives and propose a solution for the case that would benefit the Polk County Transportation Department to execute their projects effectively. Various models and literature will be used to motivate the assertions. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTRODUCTION Polk County is the largest county in the state it is governed by three-member Board of commissioners: Harold, Richardson and Thomas. The state faces a challenge of delivering critical projects which involve improvements to the local roads which at the current state have put the local residents as well as tourists at risk because they are dilapidated, worn out and inadequate for purpose generally being unsafe for use. This challenge is due to many projects competing over limited resources. The three projects are: * The entrance to Big John’s Superstore * Elk Mountain road Crockett Creek bridge on the country road 1045 near prison The reasecher will analyse the case evaluate it, systematically prioritise the steps to be taken on the approach to successfully propose a solution which will benefit the Transportation Department, Polk municipality and ultimately the community at large. Various shortfalls are evident in the current Polk county municipality. The researcher will discuss them in depth with reference to various models and literatures as well as assumptions to back up the recommendations, below are the identified shortfalls: * No poor project office Funds are very limited to kick start projects that would add value to the community and improve their safety. * The tax is minimal to sustain the developments * Insuffient or no fundraising initiatives * High rate of crime As depicted on the case, there are three projects at hand and below is the gathered information on each project. Body governing the county The following individuals comprise the Polk County administration team NAME | DESTINATION/ STATUS| Thomas| Commissioner retired| Herald| Commissioner retired| Richardson| commissioner| JR| Supervisor- Transport Department| Joe| Former head of Transport Department| Unnamed | Current Senator| Zachary | Transport Department intern (civil engineering)| PROJECT 1 THE ENTRANCE TO THE BIG JOHN’s SUPERSTORE * It is off a two lane high at the base of the hill * It is difficult for cars travelling in the opposite direction until they come over the crest * This makes it difficult for the cars turning left into the store and those pulling out of the parking lot. * A number of accidents have occurred The number of cars travelling on the road has increased over the last three years since the store opened * Several residents have raised concerns at the commissioners meetings in the past * JR had approached the store manager about helping to pay for road improvements to widen the roads to add a turning lane or install a traffic light. * The manager replied that they are barely making any profit and if they do not make profit corporate headquarters will close it down and a lot of people will lose their jobs therefore they cannot afford to assist * Many people go to the store because there are no other shopping malls in the county PROJECT 2 WIDENING AND REPAIR OF ELK MOUNTAIN ROAD IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF THE COUNTY * The winters have taken their toll on the road and left it with large deep potholes * The increase in unemployment in the county has led to an increase in independent loggers using the road to bring logs from Elk Mountain to several saw mills, including Ye Olde Saw mill in the adjacent county. The lack of repair over the years and the heavy trucks are causing the road to deteriorate even faster Both commissioners, Thomas and Richardson have seen the worsening condition of the road: they use it frequently to go hunting and fishing on ELK Mountain. * Each has received an earful of complaints from friends who use the road. * Zachary also knows how bad the road is from personal experience as he was nearly sideswiped by the logging truck and was forced off the resulting in his car’s low hanging tail pipe and muffler ripped off as he hit a large pothole. PROJECT 3 CROCKETT CREEK BRIDGE ON COUNTY ROAD 1045 NEAR THE PRISON * It is the main road to the state correctional Institution in the south western past of the county. * The bridge barely passed the last state inspection four years ago. * Each spring during the winter thaw Crockett Creek threatens to wash the bridge. * If the bridge is washed out or closed, the detour would be nearly 15 miles for people who work at the prison. * The largest employer in the county is the state correctional institution for female offenders located in the south western part of the county. A project is an endeavour to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated tasks and the effective utilisation of resources (Clement and Gido, 2012; 4) It has a clear objective of what is to be accomplished and this is usually defined in the form of deliverable, schedule and budget. A project utilises various resources to carry out interdependent task that need to be accomplished in a certain sequence in order to achieve a project objective within a specific time frame. A project has a sponsor who provides the funds necessary to accomplish the project. A project usually has challenges because it is constrained by many factors including scope, quality budget and risks. 1. SITUATION ANALYSIS 1. 1. NO PROPER PROJECT OFFICE Polk County is the largest county in the state with a shallow structure of Authority. This is evident as the line of command is very short from the top, senator, commissioner to bottom lower management this could be of advantage as there is rapid communication hence close interactions and therefore easy delivery of organisational / municipality goals strategy. You read "Project Management Student" in category "Essay examples" JR is the supervisor for the county Transportation Department. The case states that county roads have progressively deteriorated and several critical projects need to be done. He works with his summer intern Zachary and is concerned that if the does not present a good case for the at least one of the project, then the commissioners probably would not fund any of the project. It is evident that JR is struggling as he cannot apply himself explicitly on the tasks at hand as he lack the skills, methodologies that would easily aid to address the projects smoothly, this therefore calls for the introduction of project management office in the municipality 1. 2PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE Project management is defined by the PMBOK as†¦. ’the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques in order to meet stakeholder’s needs and expectation from a project. ’ (Burke, 2011; 18) 1. 3GENERIC ROLES OF A PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE 1. 3. 1The project management office’s aim is to link individual project to the organisation’s dynamic strategic intent through a focused discipline of project management. 1. 3. 2The project management office is established to act as support and reporting channel between projects and senior management without removing the accountability or authority of project managers. . 3. 4The project management office provides top management with a consolidated view on all projects within the organisation and thus assists top management in ensuring that all projects are aligned with the strategic direction of the organisation. 1. 3. 5The project management office will provide value-added assistance to all its ident ified customers in the organisation. 1. 3. 6The project management office will enable support and facilitate project disciplines with a: * A project life cycle Programme/project management * Project management training * Prioritisation support * Project start-up workshops and project administration ‘With the budget situation JR is worried that none of the projects may get done’, the case reads, this emphasises how the department is financially constrained and several projects are competing over this limited funds. The project management office is equipped with tools and techniques which provide a systematic approach on every project. The PMBOK states ‘†¦. Because projects are unique and involve a certain degree of risk, companies performing projects will generally subdivide their project into several project phases to provide better management control. Collectively these project phases are called the project lifecycle’. (Burke, 2011; 40) The general project life cycle has four phases: * Concept or initiation phase * Design or planning phase * Implementation or performing phase * Commissioning and handover or closing phase In the initiating phase, projects are identified and selected. They are then authorised using a document referred to as a project charter. The planning phase includes defining the project scope, identifying resources developing a schedule and budget and identifying risks all of which makes up a baseline plan for doing the project work. In the performing phase the plan is executed and work tasks are carried out to produce all the project deliverables and to accomplish the project objective. During this phase the project progress is monitored and controlled to assure the work remains on schedule and within budget, the scope is fully completed according to specifications and all the deliverables meet the acceptance criteria. Also any changes need to be documented, approved and incorporated into an updated baseline plan if necessary. In the closing phase the project evaluations are conducted lessons learned are identified and documented to help improve performance on future projects and project document are organised and archived. (Clement and Gido, 2012; 9) Phases in a project lifecycle are interrelated which means the previous phase should be successfully completed before progressing to the next phase. In this particular case, JR, the supervisor at a Transportation Department is struggling to make a selection on a project to perform first since there are limited funds. The main focus of this case is based on the initiation phase of the project lifecycle and because of the interrelation of the phases; it has to be successfully completed to move forward to the next phase of project. The initiation phase of the project lifecycle starts with recognising a need, problem or opportunity for which the project or projects are identified to address. Projects are identified in various ways: during an organisation strategic planning, as part of its normal operations, in a response to unexpected events or as a group of individuals deciding to organise a project to address a particular need. It is important to try to quantify the need to help evaluate whether the expected benefits from implementing a project outweigh the costs or consequences of conducting the project. Once the magnitude and the expected benefit or improvement has been estimated the cost for a project to implement the improvement. The transportation epartment of Polk County identified several needs but have limited funds and people available to pursue the projects to address those identified needs. In this case the department must go through a decision making process to prioritise and select the project that will result in the greatest overall benefit. Project selection is making a commitment for the future. The execution of a project will tie up the company resourc es and as an opportunity cost, the selection of one project may preclude your company from pursuing another (perhaps more profitable) project. We live in a world of finite resources and so cannot carry out all the projects we may want or need. Therefore a process is required to select and rank projects on the basis of their beneficial change to a company. (Burke, 2011: 66). The steps in the project selection process include: * develop a set of criteria against which the project will be evaluated * list assumptions that will be used on the basis of each project * Gather data and information for each project to help ensure an intelligent decision regarding project selection. Methods of gathering this information could include surveys, focus groups, interviews or analysis of available reports * Evaluate each project against criteria. Once all the data and information have been collected analysed and summarised for each potential project it should be given to all the people responsible for performing the evaluation. It is beneficial to the have several individuals in the evaluation and selection process in order to get various viewpoints. Each person on the evaluation and selection committee should have a different background and experience to bring to the decision making process, (Clement and Gido, 2012:35) emphasises that although it may take longer and be more stressful to gain group consensus on projects priorities and selections it will most likely be a better quality decision than if the decision is made by just one individual. The committee may develop a set of evaluation criteria with some type of rating system (such as Low-Medium-High, 1 to 5) against which to rate each potential project against each criterion. Various models can be used in project selection. The main purpose of these models is to aid decision making leading to project selection. The models include: * Numeric models * Non- numeric models A numeric model is usually financially focused and quantifies the project in terms of time to repay the investment or return on investment while non-numeric models look at a much wider view of the project considering items such as market share, relocation or environmental issues. Most importantly the models must evaluate projects by how well they meet the company’s strategic goals and corporate mission. 2. NUMERIC MODELS The numeric selection models may be subdivided into financial models and scoring models. The financial models are: * Payback period * Return on investment * Net present value * Internal rate of return Companies tend to prefer financial models and often select solely on profitability. 2. 1SCORING MODELS The numeric models mostly have common limitation, they only look at the financial element of the project. In an attempt to broaden the selection criteria, (Burke, 2011:79) suggest ‘a scoring model called the factor model, which uses multiple criteria to evaluate the project will be introduced’. The factor model simply lists a number of desirable factors on a project selection pro-forma along with columns to show the rating of each factor. A weighted column can be added to increase the score of important factors while reducing the scoring of the less important. The advantages of using a scoring model are; * It encourages objectivity in decision making * It uses multiple selection criteria to widen the range of evaluation * It uses the simple structure therefore easy to use It uses selection factors structured by senior management, this implies that they reflect the company’s goal and objectives * It makes it easy to change factors. * It uses weighted scoring to reflect the factor’s differential importance * It is not biased towards short run projects favoured by financial models. * It is a weighted model which can also be used as a flag to improve projects by identifying the variance between the factor score and the maximum possible score The disadvantages of u sing a scoring model are: If the factors are not weighted they will all equal importance * A simple model may encourage the developments of long lists that could introduce trivia factors and therefore waste management time. Assuming that the county Transportation Department has a budget of hundred million pula (P100  000) to allocate over the three project the researcher has used a scoring model to score some desirable factors on each project. This analysis and evaluation determines which project is critical and assist the project manager to prioritise effectively on which project to perform first followed by others. The figure below shows the factor scoring model for a county Transportation Department. SCORING FACTOR MODEL – PROPOSED SOLUTION| | FACTORS| PROJECT 1| PROJECT 2| PROJECT 3| 1. BENEFITS| 8| 9| 9| alignment to organisation strategy, mission, visions, values|   | 4| 4| 4| impact (organisational Department County)|   | 4| 5| 5|   |   |   |   | 2. COSTS| 4| 6| 8| budget (impact on budget)| 2| 3| 4| expenditure| 2| 3| 4| |   |   |   | 3. TIME| 7| 6| 7| delivery(how long will it take to deliver value to the community| 4| 3| 3| start- up (when can the project start)| 3| 3| 4|   |   |   | 4. RISKS| 5| 7| 9| safety and health (stakeholder and community| 3| 4| 5| environment| 2| 3| 4| |   |   |   | 5 RESOURCES| 7| 7| 8| capacity (at your disposal)| 4| 4| 4| availability| 3| 3| 4| |   |   |   | 6. STAKEHOLDERS| 5| 6| 9| commitment| 2| 3| 4| reputation| 3| 3| 5| TOTAL| 36| 41| 50| PERCENTAGE| 60| 68. 33| 83. 33| Key 5= very good weighting 4= good 0-40% low priority 3=fair 41-60% average priority 2= poor 61- 80% high priority 1= very poor 81- 100%very high priority A priority list of projects from the model depicts Crockett Creek Bridge on road 1045 will progress under the current budget, if enough funds will be secured. ELK mountain road will follow then lastly the entrance to the Big John’s superstore. Therefore the researcher recommends that the county Transport Department should adopt the project management approach by introducing a project management office. The project management office will be merged into the current county municipality opening structure to undertake all the projects across all departments with expertise. A project will be allocated a project manager and through his knowledge and skills. A methodological approach of project management will be applied. From project initiation phase are identified and selected through planning phase which involves defining the project scope, identifying resources, developing a schedule and budget and identifying resources development risks to the performing phase whereby the plan is execute and finally the closing phase/ project handover where the project lifecycle terminates. This methodological approach would be suitable for Polk County Transportation Department as projects would be executed effectively and effectively. To generate funds for the county, the commissioners can come up with initiatives like introducing road levy, introducing toll gates as well as adjusting tax higher so as to acquire funds for local developments. The crime rate is also igh as the case states that the largest employer is the state correctional institution for female offender, therefore prison as an offenders rehabilitation centre with skills they acquire during their serving period, prisoners can produce goods that can be sold to the local community to generate funds which could assist with the developments. CONCLUSION Polk County faces a problem of under development or road improvement because of limited funds. Multiple projects have been identified to address the current situation, besides the limited funds inadequate skills and lack of proper facilities have been identifi ed. The writer analysed the case, quantified case data, evaluated it and suggests that introduction of project management office in the Polk county municipality would highly benefit the organisation as a proper systematic methodology of project management will be used to tackle and manage all projects effectively and also various fund raising initiatives will be implemented to raise money for the local government for developments. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Burke, R. 2011, Project Management Techniques, ( College Edition), China, Burke Publishing 2. Clements, J. P. and Gido J. 2012 Effective Project Management Fifth Edition, Canada. Joe Sabatino How to cite Project Management Student, Essay examples

Green Consumption The Global Rise Of Eco-Chic

Question: Discuss about the Green Consumption for The Global Rise Of Eco-Chic? Answer: Introduction Ethical consumerism is considered as the practice of the purchasing products along with the different services formed in such a way, which lessens both the communal and environmental damages at the time of evading services deemed, and products, which can have a negative effect or impact on the humanity or environment (White et al. 2012). With respect to this fact, it can be said that, in modern day where globalization is at its peak and the business is becoming more competitive and global, from the point of view of the consumers and producers, ethical consumerism is highlighted as the most important factor in terms of a good business relationship. With respect to this phenomenon it very important to monitor the valuation of ethical consumerism with respect to different brand and products (Harris 2015). As we, all know that Coca-Cola is considered to be one of the largest beverage drink manufacturer and seller globally. In recent time there has been some issues regarding the health as pects of such beverage products. With respect to this issue, the aim of the study is to highlight the different aspects of ethical consumerism and their evaluation with the current global scenario. Brief Overview and Analysis of Ethical Consumerism Ethical Consumerism highlights to the buying of the products that are ethically produces are not harmful for the society or environment. This can be simple products such as eggs or complex machine processed items. The factors of child labor and other related unethical factors are boycotted in ethical consumerism (Barendregt and Jaffe 2014). Examples of the products, falling into this category includes ethical food and drinks, the green home, fashion, travel and tourism, energy, and ethical finance among others. The Unethical Land Acquisition of Coca Cola Sugar Supplier There are various products of Coca Cola, which are subjected to ethical consumerism. One of the most effective criticisms of Coca Cola was regarding the soft drink sugar used in their products. The Guarani Indians residing in Brazil urged the fact that Coca Cola should stop buying the sugar products from the United States Food Giant Bunge (Krzywoszynska 2015). The company was accused for land grabbing scandal, which was highly unethical. A report published in 2013 clearly stated the fact that Coca Cola imported sugar from Bunge, which acquires the product from the sugar cane fuels stolen from Guarani (which previously produced Bio-fuels). The company adopted the Oxfams Zero Tolerance Policy (OZTP) for this act of land grabbing. It claimed to recognize and thereby safeguarded the rights of the related communities. The company targeted in restoring the interest of traditional people who maintained an access to the land along with the natural resources. Stephen Corry (the director of the Survival International, Coca Cola) stated, Multinational companies are the masters of deflecting criticism with promises of change, but policy is worthless when concrete action doesnt follow. If Coca Colas commitment is to be taken seriously, the company has to stop buying sugar from Bunge. As long as the deal continues, Cokes pledge against land grabbing is meaningless. On the other hand, Guarani spokesperson claimed that, Coca-Cola must stop buying sugar from Bunge. While these companies profit, we are forced to endure hunger, misery, and killings. It was clearly estimated that the Guarani community of Jata Yvary in Brazils Mato Grosso do Sul state said to have lost their ancestral land for the plantation of sugar cane industry, which mainly produced sugar syrup to Coca Cola. This resulted in the development of various health problems, which occurred due to over spraying of pesticides on the plantation. Moreover, there was a huge loss of forest, which provided various products such as medicine, food and shelter to the native people. Arlindo (who was the leader of Jata Yvary) stated that, The ranchers have destroyed almost all our forest, our medicinal plants, our fruits and resources. They spray pesticides from planes. The children get headaches and start vomiting. The land of Guarani were inherited by the sugar cane factory, which was previously used by cattle ranching and harvesting soya. These leaders targeted in enforcing the land rights. This desperate situation led to many suicides. Brazil encountered a high suicide rate of 34% in 2013, which was considered one of the highest in Latin America. Coca Cola Management decided to provide job to every member who have lost his or her property due to the entire event. Although the company faced several challenges in implementing this notion, it helped in minimizing the consequences to some extent. Other Products of Ethical Consumerism Coca Cola has been accused for Animal Rights for the usage of Fish Gelatin The company is accused for Animal Testing to test the basic ingredients The products of Coca Cola was charged to contain Palm Oil Detailed Review of Coca Cola Coca Cola Company mainly aims in learning from the global experience. Setting high standard for the customers at all the levels and thereby striving to meet them consistently remains the primary aim of the company (Dolan 2015). The company is said to be guided by the Standards of Corporate Governance and Ethics. The management tends to review the systems in order to ensure effective practices in terms of precision and liability. The approaches of Coca Cola Company are mainly governed by the Corporate Governance Guidelines, which is mainly monitored by the Board of Directors Committees. Corporate Responsibility The Corporate Responsibility of Coca Cola Company is mainly managed by the Public Policy along with the Corporate Reputation Council (which is actually a cross functional group consisting of senior Managers of the company and the bottling partners). This council mainly targets in identifying the risks along with the opportunities, which are faced by the business and the communities, and thereby recommends effective strategies in order to address these challenges (Davies et al. 2012). Ethics and Compliance The base (core) of Ethics and Compliance of Coca Cola Company is mainly governemed by the Code of Business Conduct. The Code is mainly guides the business conduct, develops honesty and thereby triggering integrity in every matter. The Ethics and Compliance Committee monitor the code (Gabriel and Lang 2015). This is considered a cross-functional senior management team, which oversees all the factors of ethics and compliance programs and thereby determines the code of violation and discipline. Coca Cola Company has a unique Ethical and Compliance Office, which is mainly responsible for the factors of monitoring, consultation, education and maintaining the Code of Business Conduct along with the compliance issues. Most of the associated to the worldwide tend to receive various factors of ethics and compliance training courses, which is administered by the officials. The management of Coca Cola Company regularly monitors and thereby audits the business system effectively. Maintaining a c onsistent set of standards around the world mainly helps in governing the system regarding the investigation and handling the code issues. By 2008, the company said to revise the code of ethics in order to improvise its effectiveness. Ensuring the ongoing commitment and thereby understanding the code of business conduct tend to offer various online training sessions to every associate within the company. The Anti Bribery Policy is also included in the management of Coca Cola Company. In 2010, the company was said to be estimated to 22,000 employees (which included both the management and non-management workers) were effectively certified with their compliance with the Code of Business Conduct. Coca Colas Anti Bribery Requirements (CCABR) equally supports this. Moreover, the company is entitled to various operational training courses, which is found to be related to various topics (Sebastiani et al. 2013). The associates of Coca Cola are significantly advised to participate on the ethics programs and the various training sessions related to the same genre. Thus, a 60 minute of ethics training is regularly conducted in Coca Cola Company every year in order to foster its influence over the staff members. Coca Cola has a wide range of associates belonging to various domains. This includes bottling partners, customers, suppliers and the consumers. The company is said to be associated to the legal protocols, which are said to be associated to the ethical, and compliance issues or the report of potential violations based on the EthicsLine (which is a global web and telephonic information service used for various reporting purposes). It is often observed that the telephonic calls of the Coca Cola primary associates are facilitated wit complete toll free facilities. Moreover, the connection line remains uninterrupted in the whole day. The translator facilities are also available in this communication channel, which helps to connect individuals belonging from different linguistic background. Thus, a global infrastructure is claimed to be established in Coca Cola Company, which helps in maintaining effective Code of Ethics within the entire management. Result of the Short Opinion Survey The researcher conducted a primary research based on 15 participants. The questionnaire session of the research study is stated below: Do you think Ethical Consumerism need to be followed by every organization? Respondent Response Yes 13 No 2 Do you support the case of United States Food Giant Bunge regarding the land acquisition? Respondent Response Yes 4 No 11 Do you support the strategies implemented by Coca Cola to minimize the consequence of Land Acquisition? Respondent Response Yes 14 No 1 Do you think that the company should pay more attention to their products before launching in the market in order to manifest ethical consumerism? Respondent Response Yes 14 No 1 Would you boycott using the product of a company who does not follow the code of ethics? Respondent Response Yes 14 No 1 Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that Coca Cola need to manifest the Ethical Parameters much significantly and effectively. Although the company is found to be associated to wide range of parameters to take care of these perspectives, there are various issues, which are still being faced by the company. The factor of land acquisition was one of such issue, which accused the company for being unethical to the society. These resulted in massive social consequences and even deaths of several people. Apart from the sugar cane land acquisition case, the company is also found to be associated to other associated ethical issues. This included the usage of fish gelatin in the soft drink products, usage of palm oil and the factor of animal testing before launching of new products in the market (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2016). Although the company laid a strategy to minise the consequence, still it can be considered replaceable. In case of Sugar Cane issue, the company targeted in providing job to the p eople who lost their land due to acquisition. Nevertheless, there were certain constraints related to this strategy (Bucis et al. 2012). Primarily, the workers were unqualified to work for an MNC. Hence, many efforts need to be implemented in order to boost them. Moreover, the factor of saturation persisted in the factory due to the additional workers, which affected the economy to a considerable level. Recommendations It can be recommended that Coca Cola Company need to implement ethical norms and policies before handed. This would help in minimizing the factor of compensation, which was barred by the company in the case of land acquisition. Had the company paid more attention on the policies and consequences of land acquisition, then there will not have been much issue occurring in the organization. Thus, both the moral (ethics) and economy of the company would have been sustained effectively. References Barendregt, B. and Jaffe, R. eds., 2014.Green consumption: the global rise of eco-chic. Bloomsbury Publishing. 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Sugar consumption must be reduced throughout life.British dental journal,218(4), pp.215-215. Hassan, L., Shaw, D., Shiu, E., Walsh, G. and Parry, S., 2013. Uncertainty in ethical consumer choice: a conceptual model.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,12(3), pp.182-193. Krzywoszynska, A., 2015. Wine is not Coca-Cola: marketization and taste in alternative food networks.Agriculture and Human Values,32(3), pp.491-503. Metzger, K., 2014. The Import of Culture? The Coca Cola Company in America and Australia. Sebastiani, R., Montagnini, F. and Dalli, D., 2013. Ethical consumption and new business models in the food industry. Evidence from the Eataly case.Journal of business ethics,114(3), pp.473-488. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. White, K., MacDonnell, R. and Ellard, J.H., 2012. Belief in a just world: Consumer intentions and behaviors toward ethical products.Journal of Marketing,76(1), pp.103-118.